Starbucks Implementation, Strategic Controls free essay sample

Running Head: Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans STR/581 Version 4 Strategic Planning Implementation Kenneth Kobus July 12, 2011 Starbucks is the universes driving forte espresso retailer. The organization creates a wide scope of refreshments just as different sugary treats and baked goods. With more than 17,000 stores overall one would need to ask why an effective organization like this would need to frame a vital arrangement. In this world there are no assurances of achievement for organizations. An organization may have an incredible item, however on the off chance that it neglects to distinguish a particular market, or to utilize an appropriate promoting plan, it won't have the option to effectively arrive at the purchasers. Throughout the years Starbucks has been effectively ready to take basic action did at home to the zenith of business achievement. By expertly executing their advertising methodology Starbucks has taking espresso administration to a fine art. The firm has had the option to persuade customers that its stores give something beyond espresso. We will compose a custom exposition test on Starbucks Implementation, Strategic Controls or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Starbucks intends to give a rich encounter to clients to enjoy on a repetitive basis.The organization has turned this customer involvement with to a profoundly productive business. The best method to actualize an effective arrangement is to utilize transient targets. It’s difficult to see into the future so it is smarter to make progress toward objectives that can be estimated and accomplished. John Thompson of Symantec Corporation once cited, â€Å"I am somewhat old-fashionedâ€I don’t trust you can oversee what you can’t measure,† Thompson has said. â€Å"The significance of goals turns out to be increasingly significant as the organization develops in size and scale. Targets likewise fill in as a sign for the ‘team’ about what you are focusing to.If representatives realize you are estimating market development and consumer loyalty, they will focus on those contemplations and act dependent on pointers that you, as pioneer, underline inside the organization. Destinations help groups and spotlight on what’s significant for the organization to succeed† (The Key to Success? Go Figure,†Ã‚ BusinessWeek, July 21, 2003. ) Starbucks has an extremely creative innovative work program for their new items. The organization is continually searching for better approaches to make the Starbuck experience progressively pleasurable for its customers.On November of 2001 the organization presented its new item called the Starbuck’s card. The Starbuck card resembles a gift voucher that gives store an incentive to its clients. The objective of this new card implantation is to lessen the time spent paying for drinks. Since it presentation the Starbucks Card has been famous with its clients as it gives a superior method to upgrade client experience. â€Å"Another execution was to save money on the measure of time it took to make drinks in the ice scoops. Designers at Starbucks notice that baristas needed to take two scoops of ice when making venti-size cold arenas. They at that point returned and updated the ice scoop. At the point when the stores began utilizing the new scoops, it â€Å"shaved† off around 14 seconds from the planning time of the drink† (Arola, Manning 2007). This new usage was a piece of the company’s objective of getting the beverage to its clients in a short time or less. Starbucks is continually searching for better approaches to improve their items and administrations to their clients. In the event that a client has an issue or a remark they can transform it into the discussion page off of the company’s website.By doing this the organization can get client input to the entirety of its new thoughts and items. Starbucks is contending in an industry where advertising standards needs to follow the differentiator methodology or they will lose piece of the overall industry. The organization objective is to make high an incentive for its clients, or the clients will essentially discover somewhere else to go through their cash. Starbucks promoting standards are the premise of the companys upper hand inside the espresso business. Starbucks items are related with high caliber, and the organization commits itself to delivering great products.Because of this relationship with top notch, Starbucks has had the option to charge a more significant expense or premium for its items. For whatever length of time that the organization can secure its notoriety for high caliber and solid qualities, it will have the option to keep up its exceptional costs. Useful strategies According to the perusing â€Å"Functional tacticsâ are the key, routine exercises that must be embraced in each practical areaâ€marketing, account, creation/activities, R;D, and human asset managementâ€to give the business’s items and services.In a sense, useful strategies interpret th ought (excellent system) without hesitation intended to achieve explicit transient goals. Each worth chain action in an organization executes practical strategies that help the business’s methodology and help achieve key destinations. † (Pearce, and Robinson 2011) Starbucks must keep up its top notch system. In regions of work that organization must improve its advantages bundle in order to improve the lesson of its representatives. The organization must not be attracted away from McDonalds low value way to deal with espresso. Starbucks has been confronting overwhelming rivalry most ecently. Organizations like McDonalds are creating espresso on an a lot less expensive scale than Starbucks. In the past there were scarcely any organizations in the gourmet espresso business yet that is currently evolving. Initially Starbucks had the option to utilize its promoting ability to make a positive picture of premium gourmet bistro experience. This promoting procedure was what gave Starbucks its significant favorable position over its rivals. The organization likewise utilized this promoting methodology to put more than 17,000 outlets worldwide and to have every outlet merge into their networks. Activity ItemsIn management, anâ action itemâ is a recorded occasion, task, action, orâ actionâ that requirements to occur. Things to do are discrete units that can be dealt with by a solitary individual. Things to do are critical to Starbucks Strategy. A thing to do is a reported errand that must happen so as to enable an organization to accomplish its transient objectives. Things to do should for the most part be possible by one individual. One thing to do that has been actualized by Starbucks is the 5 second work rule. â€Å"According to the thing to do, Baristas are not, at this point required to maneuver shots into shot glasses where the nature of the shot can be seen.We are currently permitted to pull the straightforwardly into the cup. On the off chance that the planning of the shot is right, at that point the client gets what they get. On the off chance that the planning of the shot isn't right, the cup and the syrups and some other pre-prepared things go into the rubbish. (Starbucks Forums site) This may appear to be unimportant yet if one somehow happened to duplicate the 5 seconds by the quantity of shots and stores, it would add to a large number of dollars in expected reserve funds for the organization. Another significant things to do that representatives can utilize is the organizing of client experience.Customers don't care for hanging tight in line for long so laborers must utilize the company’s innovation and their own preparation to assist client administrations. Achievements and a cutoff time The assistance stay with the on target it is critical to have achievements and cutoff times. This encourages everybody to have a desire to move quickly about what should be finished. Getting ready for cutoff times must not be too tedious. On the off chance that the arranging stage is to long, the organization will miss it cutoff times. Starbucks made an association with Green Mountain Coffee in March of 2011. The organization raced to do this rewarding arrangement on the grounds that McDonalds, (one if its principle rivals) were likewise in chats with the Green Mountain. Hazard Management. All organizations need to have some type of hazard the executives plan so as to moderate their possible misfortunes. One of the serious issues that influenced Starbucks was its over development. The organization was at risk for commoditizing espresso and losing its top notch understanding. Starbucks must actualize an arrangement for long haul financing particularly as it ventures into global markets. It should likewise have a back up plan for its coordinations and espresso flexibly.

SAT International Test Dates Guide (2019 and 2020)

SAT International Test Dates Guide (2019 and 2020) SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Here we see global SAT test dates for the 2019â€2020 year. The test months haven't changed since a year ago, however the dates have! We've recorded what we've realized in this article. Forthcoming SAT Test Days in 2019 and 2020 We've scoured the College Board site to get the most state-of-the-art forecasts for global test dates. Moreover, the standard cutoff time for the local SAT is equivalent to the main and last cutoff time for the universal test: there is no late enrollment in the event that you are taking the SAT outside of the US. Test Date Enlistment Deadline Cutoff time for Changes Early Reg through Rep August 24, 2019 (USA in particular) NA NA NA October 5, 2019 September 6, 2019 September 24, 2019 August 21, 2019 November 2, 2019* October 3, 2019 October 22, 2019 September 18, 2019 December 7, 2019 November 8, 2019 November 26, 2019 October 23, 2019 Walk 14, 2020** February 14, 2020 Walk 3, 2020 January 29, 2020 May 2, 2020 April 3, 2020 April 21, 2020 Walk 18, 2020 June 6, 2020* May 8, 2020 May 27, 2020 April 22, 2020 August 29, 2020 (USA in particular) NA NA NA The College Board* = SAT Subject Tests just; no ordinary SATs offered this date internationally** = SAT just; no SAT Subject Tests offered this date internationallyUSA just = not worldwide (turned gray out) Manual for Choosing the Best Dates for You So when would it be a good idea for you to take the SAT? We've built up a careful manual for considering the best dates for you that subtleties the four test date factors you ought to consider. You ought to likewise prepare and consider whether you need to take the SAT more than once. Note that the principle distinction among International and Domestic testing is that there are less global test dates and no late enlistment for universal understudies. The significant ramifications of this is you can't generally hang tight for the last grade's to come out before you pursue the following conceivable SAT test date. For instance, a household understudy can hold up until her March test returns, and in the event that she did gravely, she can enlist late for the May SAT. In the event that March scores turn out in time, universal understudies probably won't have the option to do this. Nonetheless, this is anything but a major misfortune: barely any understudies would need to step through two examinations in succession on the grounds that there truly isn't an ideal opportunity to improve or concentrate in such a short measure of time. Second, if cash isn't an issue, worldwide understudies can just preemptively enlist for two dates in succession, and afterward drop the subsequent test date in the event that they excel on the primary test. The expense of abrogation is just the financial expense of the test. Something else, worldwide testing and local testing have a bigger number of likenesses than contrasts! Caution: SAT Test Dates May ChangeSign up to Receive Free Updates /<![CDATA[ hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: '360031', formId: '2167ba30-e68e-4777-b88d-8bf3c84579af', formInstanceId: '3', submitButtonClass: 'center buy in button', target: '.buy in center', redirectUrl: 'http://ww2.prepscholar.com/blog-buy in much obliged', css: '.buy in center .hs-form.stacked name {display:none;} .buy in center .hs-form.stacked .field div.input {padding-top: 290px; cushioning left: 40px;} .buy in center .hs-input {width: 220px} .buy in center .btn-essential, .hs-button.primary {margin-top:0px; cushioning left:350px} .buy in center .hs-structure field {margin-bottom:10px}' }); /]]> What's Next? The following stage after you've made sense of which test dates work for you is to enlist for the SAT (read our bit by bit guidance here). Additionally, on the off chance that you need to score well, you ought to think about the various approaches to prepare for the SAT. We consider the upsides and downsides of various prep strategies with our free digital book. Different Articles You May Be Interested In Discover which accurate dates you need to pick with our full manual for picking SAT test dates here. You can likewise investigate our assortment of future years SAT test dates for different years (see particularly the disclaimer on projections). What's the most ideal approach to prepare for the SAT as a universal understudy? Become familiar with the significance of the SAT/ACT and the assets you'll require with this total guide.

Business Synoptic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Business Synoptic - Essay Example Key Posture of Nestle at Corporate Level 13 6.0. Viability of Nestle’s Strategic Posture 13 7.0. Arrangement of Nestle’s Strategic Posture with its Management Structure and Philosophy 15 References 17 Bibliography 20 21 1.0. Linkage between Strategic Management Accounting and the Realistic Practices of Nestle According to the meaning of Strategic Management Accounting (SMA), it effectively interfaces with the business procedure of a firm and assists with keeping up as well as increment its intensity. Barely any fundamental characteristics of the SMA procedure, relates with the assortment of competitors’ data in regards to value, items, piece of the overall industry and others; distinguishing openings in worldwide market and perceiving the viability of company’s key situation with giving accentuation on the bookkeeping angles (Collier and Agyei-Ampomah, 2006). With an exhaustive investigation of Nestle’s contextual analysis, it very well may be expre ssed that the organization has accomplished a supportable and simultaneously very great development with a drawn out advantage to the organization. Two most huge causes to invigorate development of the organization can be recognized as key administration approach and administrative bookkeeping conduct of the organization to take a specific choice. These two hypotheses can be clearly connected with the company’s embraced procedures, concerning contextual analysis and essentials of the hypothesis SMA. Nestle’s vital choices throughout the years have been focussed on its extension in the worldwide stage covering pretty much every monetary market of the world. Subsequently, one of the company’s most noteworthy key choices can be recognized as its forceful development techniques. For example, the organization began extending its activities worldwide since 1868 and by late 1990s, the organization had just gained the business sectors of 76 nations and 193 countries to make and market its items separately. Another key choice taken by the organization was to expand its item lining from basic baby equations to consolidated milk, chocolates, espresso drink, soups and mineral water also. With this vital collusion the organization had the option to accomplish an enormous measure of benefit in western economies, particularly in European and the US markets. In any case, to infer these methodologies in a powerful and effective way the organization focussed on not many different elements, for example, advertise competency, inside and outer condition and others. In this respects, the organization can be seen to apply a couple of investigative measures. For example, as referenced on the off chance that review, the organization saw that business sectors of Europe and North America were especially developing quickly as far as rivalry alongside stale populace development. This thusly went about as an obstruction to Nestle’s development. To be explicit, a s the populace development was stale and number of market players was additionally expanding quickly, there was a little degree for Nestle’s development in the economies. In addition, the patterns of business sectors were getting a lot of great for nearby firms fabricating the items like that of Nestle’s. Understanding these realities, the organization started to extend its market in developing markets where the populace is at rise, interest for marked nourishment things are likewise expanding and nearby contenders are additionally least. Thus, the organization affected its tasks in eastern developing nations, for example, China, India and others. In like manner, the organization additionally limited its market center to essential nourishment

The Design and Positioning Schools of Strategy - Free Essay Example

Sadler Craig (2003) describe strategy as a long duration action plan, drafted for achieving defined objectives. In Greek language, strategy pertains to the act of leading an army. Different types of strategies, developed for resolving day-to-day challenges, form part of the strategic management process. Business organizations have always been at the crossroads of options over the fundamental strategic decisions. Corporate think tanks spend major amounts of their quality time in debating about the decisions on the forward outlook of the organization. The decisions to adopt an appropriate short and long term strategy for an organization had always been debatable. The point of debate had been focused on whether the adopted strategy would result in enhancing the shareholder value, as it is fundamental to the existence of an organization. It has been observed that the shareholder value is a function of revenues being generated by the organization. Thus, the strategists need to worry about whether the organization makes efforts to reducing the bottom-line vis-ÃÆ'Â  -vis increasing the top line? These questions have never been easy to answer and the dynamic business environment has further complicated the decision making. No amount of tactical decision making can resolve these fundame ntal dilemmas. Instead, appropriate strategic thinking can enable the top leadership in determining the steer they want to provide to the organization (Davenport, Leibold, Voelpel, 2006). Mintzberg, Henry, Lampel, Joseph, Ahlstrand, Bruce (1998) explained ten business strategies, including design and positioning schools in Strategy Safari. The following text focuses on these two schools of thoughts in the business strategies. Basic details of each school of strategy is followed by a discussion on the roots of each of the strategies, risks, uncertainty its management, influence of market structure and the environments. The analysis concludes with the comparison between these two schools of strategic thoughts. Design School of Strategy According to the design school, the strategy is described as a series of varied operations, executed to achieve the fit between the internal capabilities and external possibilities of an organization. The design school believes that the managerial values of the people leaders and the social responsibilities are two important factors in determining the strategy for any organization (Sloan, 2006). Thus, as per the design school, the preferences and the beliefs of the people leading the organization and the perceived ethics of the environment in which the organization operates are important contributors to determine the strategic intent of any organization. In the design school of strategy, after the various alternative strategies have been determined, the next step is to evaluate and make a choice on the best one. The implementation of the strategic action plan is subject to the agreement of all stakeholders on the final strategy. Roots of Design School Mintzberg et al. (1998) attribute the origins of the design school to two influential books written at the University of California and at M.I.T.; Philip Selznicks Leadership in Administration of 1957, and Alfred D. Chandlers Strategy and Structure of 1962. Selznicks conception of distinctive competence, brought the need of the organizations to align (implement) its internal capabilities with the external expectation. Sloan (2006) mentions that the term design school in its noun form are used with an objective to convey a form or a structure. However, in its verb form, it means that the organization must tailor its capabilities to get a fit with the external requirements. The model of design school emphasizes the analysis of the internal and external situations, the former detailing the strength weaknesses of the organization while the later revealing the opportunities threats. This seems similar to the SWOT analysis. Risk The risk of the design school strategy is the detachment of the thinking from the acting. This separation of the two important aspects of any process execution makes it risky for any business to implement design schools of strategy. The risks can be certain as well as un-certain. Certain risks are those risks, which an organization will face in any case; hence, every necessary step needs to be taken in order to avoid this risk. However, uncertain risks are those risks, upon which an organization has no control and hence, no precautionary measures can be taken (Froot, Scharfstein, and Stein, 1993). Indeed, risk plays a very critical role in any line of business. Despite the fact, that risk is innate to every single business, its amount of impact can differ according to several factors, which include globalization, input costs, competition, weather, compliance, regulations, competition, exchange rate, and many more. These factors affect the different organization in different ways . For example, some lines of business have many competitors, while some have few, hence, risks plays a different role in different businesses. Design school of strategy identifies risks and provides solutions to it, but it detaches itself from the implementation of the solutions, which can resolve such risks. Hence, identification of the certain risks would be possible by the design school of strategy but implementing the strategy to resolve it would not form part of its process (Mintzberg Lampel, 1999). Uncertainty Uncertainty, unexpected or unforeseeable changes, cannot be proactively planned or predicted and must be dealt with a more reactive manner; uncertainty, therefore, creates the risk. The challenge to the design school strategy is the resolution of uncertainty through Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat and Trends (SWOTT) analysis. It can be argued that design strategy cannot identify every possible scenario for an organization to become successful, even with its distinctive competencies to insure a best-fit strategy let alone its organizations social responsibility and managerial values during the creation, evaluation and selection of the best-fit strategies (Mahoney, Pandian, 1992). In fact, the design school assumes that decisions made to ensure best-fit strategies are known. Practically, this presumption is negated. For example, the impact of recent recession would not have been as worse as it was. If the presumptions of this strategy were true then the financial firms would have been able to forecast the recession. Moreover, the impact should have been less, as they would have prepared themselves accordingly. Managing Uncertainty Managing and coping with uncertainty is not easy. It is difficult to plan for unexpected and uncertain scenario. Thus, an uncertain situation has to be dealt with a reactive approach. However, according to Garret (1999) uncertainty can be managed. He argued that companies having proactive involvement with uncertainty are better positioned to address the repeated occurrences of uncertainty. Therefore, a better management of uncertainty happens by timely identification of changes in the business environmental, then embarking upon, and reducing uncertainty either concurrently or sequentially. Influences of Market structure on Strategic Options The design school strategy market structure examination establishes the organization key success factors (external) and its distinctive competences (internal) fit through, what is known as SWOT analysis. The market structure is one of the key determinants for any organization considering the strategic options. Design school strategy can be followed by small firms operating into a monopolistic competition market. The example of such a sector is retail trade, including clothing stores, restaurants and convenience stores. The services industries in large cities come under this category. As the organization size is smaller, one person can drive the strategies of the organization. In this market, the value of the brand makes the customers buy the product of a certain firm. The competition is generally of non-price category, though in the long run, the firm can increase the cost of its products without losing its customers. Environment Once again, the design school uses SWOTT analysis to look at the external or internal threat, through scanning its environment. The examination establishes the organizations key success factors (external) and its distinctive competences (internal) fit. Threats to firms can be identified as either major or minor threats. The major threats need immediate attention. The design school proposes the matching of organizations strength with the major threat facing it. The organization may need to adapt its strategy to overcome the major threat facing its existence (Finlay, 2000). Thus, a small firm facing a turbulent environment can choose to follow the design school of strategy to succeed in the competitive environment. Positioning School of Strategy The positioning school of strategy follows a narrow approach in terms of identifying the best strategy for an organization. It is calculative, quantifiable, and relies on the analysts to determine the strategic action plan. The positioning school approach is generic in nature involving few strategies, which can be potentially applied across the industry segments and any verticals. Once, the strategic goal is identified, the next step in this strategic process is to apply few generic strategies to achieve the identified goal. For example, if the strategic goal is to attain a certain position in a particular market segment in any given industry, the strategy would be to defend the interest of the organization in that particular segment against any current or future competitors. The positioning school of thought consider the strategies being generic in nature, and having positions, which are identifiable in the market place. The positioning school strategies are based on the result of calculations done by the analysts, who are monitoring the market with respect to the goal of the organization. The strategies, pursuant to this process, are deliberate positional strategies, which effectively drive the organizational structure triggered by market structure (Finlay, 2000). Roots of positioning school As per Mintzberg et al. (1998), The Positioning School is largely derived from the two books from Porter, Competitive Strategy (1980) and Competitive Advantage (1985). It believes that Strategy is the process of selecting from the generic strategy and implementing it as a follow through mechanism of the business logic of the generic strategy. Any novice would think that there could be a plethora of positional strategies, given that there are so many market forces. However, positional strategy thinkers like Michael Porter have different thoughts. According to Porters 5 forces model, there are only two types of basic competitive strategies in which an organization operates which are differentiation and low cost. Porter combined the scope of a particular business to crystallize the three generic strategies (1)Leadership in cost producing and selling low cost goods (2) Differentiation Innovation in producing unique goods, and (3) Focus To operate in the limited market segment (Sl oan, 2006) Risk Power (2004) considers direct and indirect risks are two major categories of the risk. Direct risks are usually those type of risks over which an organization have control or they can affect. These risks frequently affect the businesss supply chain, labor force, operations as well as competitive position. On the other hand, indirect or external risks are those risks, which include such factors, which are beyond the control of the company. Interest rates, currency exchange rates, energy costs and weather are some of the examples of indirect risks. One more factor, which affects risk, is efficiency and competency. Organizations, regardless of size or industry, regularly deal with various types of risks, whether by a formal or an informal way. Business leaders, usually attempt to manage risk or permit risk to handle them. Although, the amount of risk as well as other related activities contrasts widely with the different line of business, the basis for creating effectual strategies for risk management includes analysis as well as planning. Positioning school of strategy is highly adept at handling the risks in the marketplace. However, the depth of analysis is dependent upon the variables considered by the analysts. This process of risk management, attenuate the focus of the company and needlessly amplify the cost by defining the operational plans each time (Mintzberg et. al, 1999). Given adequate capacity as well as flexibility, few businesses can achieve agreeable results without the help of immediate risk management. Positioning school strategy matches the most useful strategy with the conditions prevalent at the time of decision-making. Using fairly standard and stable analytical decision models, these generic method synergies the decision making to handle all types of risks. Another approach for managing risk factor in positioning school is to lessen the risk itself, in addition to its potential effect on the business or school. Although reducin g risk will reduce uncertainty, it, in general, need better and larger resources comparing to the reactive method. Positioning school also suggests the reduction of the impact of risk. Generic strategies of cost leadership, differentiation and focus can be followed to achieve the reduction in the impact of risk. Uncertainty The uncertainty or the unexpected risks in the business environment need to be handled pro-actively to keep the show in the road. The success of any business depends on how the frequently the uncertain situations are faced. The challenging situations, decision making with a short-term horizon can result in the uncertain business results. Moreover, the business environment is never certain. The new competitors are always there to enter the business sector, in which the firm is operating. The bargaining power of the customers and suppliers is ever changing, and the business firm needs to respond appropriately to the uncertainty around it. Managing Uncertainty The management of the uncertainty in positioning school of strategy is dependent upon the porters generic strategy. These generic strategies are cost leadership, focus and differentiation. The firm can choose any of these three generic strategies to manage uncertainty in the future. The analysis of the firms economic landscape combined with the identification of the appropriate generic strategy results in the firm achieving the competitive advantage (Porter Miller, 1985). Influences of Market Structure Positioning school is believed to be highly dependent on the market structure to determine the strategy. The analysis conducted by the consultants for the current market structure determines the organization structure. The positional school strategies are deliberate, which are dependent on the analysts view. Oligopoly market structure is most suitable for the application of positioning school strategy. Any player, having the intent to differentiate itself in the oligopoly market has to differentiate itself. This is achieved by positioning the firm/products in the market, differentiating it from the other players. The role of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is marginalized in determining the appropriate strategies to be undertaken in the positioning school of strategy. The role of the analysts or consultants is very important in determining the appropriate strategy for any organization. The process followed by the analysts is that he evaluates the market place, domain, and sect or. After the evaluation, he formulates the business strategy by drawing heavily from the Porters generic strategies. These strategies are matched against the organizations objectives. The final strategy is presented to management for implementing in the organization to re-align its structure (Mintzberg et al, 1999). Thus, the market structure has heavy influence in the formulation of strategy in case of positioning school. Environment The business environment is ever changing with the players entering and exiting out of the domain. As discussed, Porters 5 forces model provides the analysis of the business environment with the formulation of the appropriate strategies for resolving the challenge. The positioning school strategy relies on the past performance of the organization; hence it is not an appropriate strategy for the small start up firms. Instead, this strategy is appropriate for an innovative organization, which wants to create a specific niche for itself. Porter (1996) further suggests the use of 3 generic strategies to define the business operations of any firm. These 3 generic strategies are Differentiation, cost leadership and focus. The differentiation strategy focuses on the innovation in the products being manufactured by the firm. Apple Corporations iPod was considered as an innovative product, which differentiated Apple from its competitors. Apples iPhone further enhanced the Apple Corpo rations innovative brand in the mind of customers. No one ever imagined that any product in the modern time could affect the customer so much. The queue of the customers outside Apple stores is a living testimony of the success of the differentiation strategy in responding to the challenges posed by business environment. Cost leadership strategy is derived from the economies of scale. The firm chooses to reduce the cost of its product to the lowest level among all its competitions, though maintaining the same quality level. The success of IP (Internet Protocol) telephony can be an example here. Focus is another strategy, which is used in positioning school. Bose Speakers can be the example of such a strategy. The Focus of this organization in developing the best sound system of the world has finally been recognized and the products of this organization are considered as a benchmark in the quality of sound. Comparison between the design and positioning school After discussing the various aspects of the two schools of thought on the strategy, following table contrasts the difference between each of these schools. Characteristic Design School Positioning School Number of strategies No Limitation Few key strategies, also known as generic strategies Application in the lifecycle of a project Concerned about the formulation of the strategy only Concerned about both formulation and implementation of the strategy Application across industry Design school strategies are specific to a particular situation industry segment Positioning school strategies are generic in nature and can be applied across the industry Portability Design school strategies defined for a particular situation may not work in all situations. Positioning school strategies can be applied in most of the situations, owing to its generic nature. Thus, the positioning strategy is portable in nature (Mintzberg et al., 1999). Management Centric The management and the ethical approach of the organization are the primary factors for a design school strategy Positioning school strategy relies heavily on the analysts. The people leaders in the positioning school strategy hardly have a choice except to implement the suggestions from the analysts (Mintzberg et al., 1999). Firm Centric Design school of strategy considers the entire organization as one while defining the future strategy of any organization. The positioning school, on the other hand, disaggregates the operation of a firm into two parts as primary and support activities. Porter (1996) called this framework as value chain. Approach to defining strategy The focus of the design school of strategy is broad in nature. Design school of thought believes that the best strategy results from the individualized design process. Positioning school of thought has focussed approach in determining the strategy. Size of business The design school provides specific solutions to a challenging business issue, irrespective of the size of the business. The positioning schools tend to be biased towards the big business. Environment Variables Almost en tire set of environmental situations are considered in devising strategies through the design school thought. Positioning school only considers the limited number of conditions in devising the strategy. Distortion between the strategy formulation and implementation Design school is based upon the right interpretation of the subjective analysis of the current situation by the top leadership. If the interpretation is wrong or the distortion of the data happens while being transferred, the resulting strategy would not be appropriate. In the positioning school of strategy, the strategy is the result of objective market analysis, which is difficult to be distorted. How a hybrid strategy incorporating design and positioning school elements helps The design and positioning schools of thought are helpful for different types of organizations operating in different market structures and environments. A hybrid of both strategies can be beneficial to a firm, which is aiming to operate and grow over a long time. For example, any small start-up would follow the design school of strategy. It would study the market, its demands, opportunities, strength weaknesses of the firm, associated threats in the sector before beginning the operations. Moreover, the size of the firm is small in the beginning; hence, it is easier for the CEO (or any one person in-charge of operations) to manage the strategies within the organization. As the firm establishes itself, the past performance of the firm is available. Now, the firm can start employing the positioning school of thought to develop its strategies. As the size of the firm increases, it needs to position and differentiate itself. The positioning school of strategy makes it possible for a g rowing firm to create and position its brand appropriately. The hybrid strategy can also be formed by combining the elements of design and positioning school. For example, SWOT analysis can be conducted for the firm to match the internal capabilities with the external challenges. The Porters 5 forces analysis can be conducted to position the firm in the operating sector. Conclusion This paper discussed the design school and the positioning school of strategies. It can be argued that design strategy cannot identify every possible scenario for an organization to become successful through its distinctive competencies to ensure a best-fit strategy let alone its organizations social responsibility and managerial values during the creation, evaluation and selection of the best-fit strategies for their environment. Most organizations adapt to their environment through scanning and SWOT analysis. However, in the positioning school strategy, the porters generic strategies are used by analysts to the management for aligning the organization into a certain direction. Porters 5 forces analysis is used to determine the market forces, determine the bargaining power of the stakeholders like customer and suppliers and the threat from the competitors and the substitutes. Each school of strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages determined by the size of the organiza tion, market forces, and the objectives of the organization.

Factors That Increase The Risk Of Developing Breast Cancer...

List the factors in the patient’s history that increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Breast cancer is a type of cancer that can be identified early by looking at the risk factors and family history that a patient has for the specific disease. Because Thompson had a family history where her mother and cousin had breast cancer, her chances are increased. Because she is older than 50 and has never had children and is still having her menstrual cycle are indicators to show that she has breast cancer. If Ann has not been living an active lifestyle, her chances are greatly increased or if she is overweight the likelihood of contracting breast cancer increases. Describe her possible signs of breast cancer. Mrs. Ann Thompson has several signs of breast cancer that she has noticed herself. She has been doing regular breast self-examination and because of that, she has found a lump in her breast. Even though she may not have pain with the lump, which is a true characteristic of a malignant tumour. If she has discolouration/redness of the breast and thickening of the skin (depending on how far the cancer has grown), these are also signs of breast cancer. Ann also might have fatigue and weight loss due to the systemic pain or sickness that she might feel. There are many other signs that could be evident, but these are just a few that are most likely for Ann. Explain why this lump is not typical of a benign condition. Generally, in a malignant tumour of the breast, there isShow MoreRelated Breast Cancer Essay742 Words   |  3 PagesBreast Cancer The thought of having breast cancer is frightening to every woman, and devastating to some. However, ignoring the possibility that you may get breast cancer, or avoiding the things you should do to detect and avoid cancer, can be even more dangerous. Breast cancer is a devastating disease that may affect one out of nine women in the United States. This year alone, a patient will be diagnosed every three minutes and a woman will die from breast cancer every thirteen minutesRead MoreBreast Cancer : Risk Factors And Prevention1526 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention When malignant cells form in the tissues of the breast, breast cancer occurs. One in 8 women are diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime (Stuckey, 2011). Breast cancer also occurs in men; however, the number of cases is small compared to women accounting for only 1% of the breast cancer cases in the United States (Stuckey, 2011). Breast cancer is the third most frequent type of cancer in the world (Stuckey, 2011), and the second most common typeRead MoreGender, Ethnicity, Race And Socio Economics Play923 Words   |  4 Pagesdetection of cancer, particularly breast cancer in women. Cancer is a disease caused by a mutation and rapid division of cells. Cancer is a general term describing many diseases; essentially there is a wide array of types of cancers. This vast differentiation makes it difficult to combat this disease and similarly the differences among individuals cause the course of this disease to vary greatly, cancer effects people differently. Breast cancer is one of the more well-known forms of cancer and is frequentlyRead MoreA Brief Look at Breast Cancer Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesBREAST CANCER Introduction/Background Cancer is characterized by unregulated/uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. The etiological factors of Cancer include both external factors (tobacco, infectious organisms, chemicals, and radiation) and inherent factors (inherited mutations, hormones, immune conditions, and mutations that occur from metabolism). The etiological factors may act together or in sequence to trigger the development of cancer. It may take several years for the manifestationRead More72 New Gene Mutation Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic Mutations Linked to Hereditary Breast Cancer According to the National Cancer Institute, invasive breast cancer affects approximately 1 in 8 U.S. women, and about 5% to 10% of all breast cancers are hereditary. At present, most people are familiar with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, which are inherited gene mutations—or abnormalities in the DNA sequencing—that increase the risk of developing breast cancer. According to statistics from the National Cancer Institute, by age 70, 55% to 65% ofRead MoreA Brief Note On Breast Cancer Research Paper863 Words   |  4 PagesGabriela Rolon November 3, 2014 Biology 101 Section-13 Melissa Romero Breast Cancer Research Paper Proto-oncogenes can become mutated and become known as oncogenes, which are also known as cancer cells. The main purpose for proto-oncogenes is to divide the cell, prevent cell differentiation, and to stop cell death. When they are mutated they are called oncogenes, which increase cell division, cell differentiation is decreased instead of preventing it, and prevent cell death. The tumor suppressorRead MoreThe Complicated Biology of Breast Cancer977 Words   |  4 PagesAfter hearing your concerns about breast cancer, I decided to use my knowledge and research to guide you through the more complicated biological side of breast cancer. Within this letter I hope to better your understanding of cancer, especially breast cancer. Its the causes, pros and cons of genetic testing, and my recommendations for you and your daughters. I will also discuss the controversial decision of actress Angelina Jolie. Cancer is a term used to describe diseases that include abnormalRead MoreTaking a Look for Breast Cancer1083 Words   |  4 Pagesdiagnose for breast cancer is a regular self-check for changes in the chest or breast area. On finding a lump or cyst under the skin, it is ideal to visit a GP for confirmation although; most lumps or cysts are normal or non-cancerous. On confirmation of the presence of breast cancer, a patient would be further examined to find out the stage of cancer and what treatments would be ideal for them. This further testing includes a variety of techniques used to scan a suspected breast cancer such as MammogramRead MorePrimary Prevention of Breast Cancer1192 Words   |  5 Pagesassignment information will be provided. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women and the 2nd most leading cause of their death. It is estimated that 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their life time and it will claim as many as 40,000 lives in the US only.( http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts) Primary prevention can play a key role in substantially reducing the chances of developing breast cancer Early detection through screening can makeRead MoreBreast Cancer : Causes, Signs And Symptoms And Risk Factors1539 Words   |  7 Pagessection is going to review literature on overview of breast cancer, its causes, signs and symptoms and risk factors. It will also look at literature on screening methods of breast cancer, particularly mammogram. OVERVIEW OF BREAST CANCER According to Rodney et al (2003), breast cancer is the commonly occurring cancer in women, responsible for one third of all malignancies in females. It is said to be the second to lung cancer as a cause of cancer mortality and has been found to be the leading cause

Discipline that Encourages Moral Behavior Essay - 960 Words

I think as parents we have all wondered what types of discipline can encourage moral behavior, and what types of discipline should we avoid? One of the most powerful types of discipline that can foster moral development is inductive discipline. Inductive discipline is a way you can teach a child to consider others feelings. For example, if your child is playing at the park and they hit another child what do you do? A powerful tool to use is talk to your child about the event of hitting another child and then help them to see how what they done hurt the other childs feelings. It is important to use positive reinforcement when having your child process what they have done. Ask your child what they could have done differently instead of†¦show more content†¦It is important when we are trying to create a respectful relationship that you do not just focus on the negative behavior give rewards for positive behavior as well. If all a child ever hears is what they do wrong they grow up thinking that they do nothing right. There are several forms of alternative discipline that can be used like a time out. A time out allows the child to calm down, think about their actions, and it also gives the parent time to cool off. A time out should be equivalent to the age of the child so if your child is two then they go to their room for two minutes. Another form of alternative discipline is taking away privileges for example, taking away the privilege of your childs favorite television show. There are some types of discipline that foster negative moral development and are potentially harmful to a childs self-esteem, and social development. Corporal punishment or spanking can be a harmful and ineffective discipline. If a child is spanked for ever negative behavior that is displayed it begins to lose its effect. The alternative is using spanking as a last resort when all other potential types of discipline have been exhausted. When used as a last resort spanking is more e ffective because it teaches your child that you have fairly exhausted all other attempts at helping them to see their behavior is unacceptable. An important consideration when deciding on what type of discipline to useShow MoreRelated My Philosophy of Education Essay529 Words   |  3 Pagesof Education TEACHER ROLES: I believe that the teacher of elementary students has many roles. I will sometimes be a facilitator-guide, sometimes a supportive, nurturing mother-like figure, and sometimes a sage who imparts knowledge. I will encourage my students to become more self-aware and self-managing. I believe that elementary school teachers must focus significant classroom time on the acquisition of social and community skills such as mutual respect, cooperation, friendship-building skillsRead MoreEngaging Others With Leadership. The Healthcare System1551 Words   |  7 Pagessupportive and a trustful environment. This can include establishing a direction, aligning people to inspire colleagues toward a common goal (Scully, 2015). It is important for nursing leaders to put strategies in place to increase retention, improve morals and commit to patient quality of care (Linette, Sherman, 2014). It can increase the healthcare environment in a workplace for individuals to be empowered. Develo ping a nurse leader with evidenced based nursing skills can better equip the currentRead MoreThe On The Housing Market Essay1336 Words   |  6 PagesFannie Mae and Freddie Mac undermine market discipline and actualize reverse incentives, leading to immoral behavior by market participants. The promise of market discipline is its ability to identify risk and deters immoral behavior. The 2008 financial crisis was induced by the dissolution of market discipline and rampant immoral behavior. Thus, to safeguard against another financial crisis congress should address moral hazard and restore market discipline. The first recommendation is to reduce andRead MorePositive Effects Of Corporal Punishment1174 Words   |  5 Pages Gershoff’s article talks only about a few positive effects of corporal punishment which include immediate compliance, prevention of future misbehavior, and moral internalization. Corporal punishment is often seen as ineffective and as having negative results in children’s development including developing of aggressive behaviors, harming parent-child relationships, and damaging mental health. Mediational processes are inevitable consequences of corporal punishment when administered to children;Read MoreExamples Of Motherly Figures In To Kill A Mockingbird1265 Words   |  6 PagesCalpurnia and Atticus fill in the empty void that was left when Scout’s mother had passed away while Scout was only two. Atticus and Calpurnia engage as motherly figures in the life of Scout by providing discipline, nurture, and moral guidance. Mothers have always used the tactic of discipline to instruct their kids on how to use proper manners and behave to the best of their abilities. Mothers feel as though it is their responsibility to scold their kids when they act out. Throughout the textRead MoreEthics : A Moral Dilemma959 Words   |  4 Pagesyou are a part. Employees have various moral decisions to make. Many of these decisions should be made on the basis of our moral obligations, but sometimes the morally preferable action could require courage and be performed beyond the call of duty. One defense against involvement in wrongdoing is vocalizing when there are unethical practices being made. While being prepared for organizational challenges that will inevitably test your personal values, moral beliefs, and commitment may be doing theRead More Personal Ethics Development Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pages Ethical behavior and development are traits and skills that are always improving. Although the skills are impro ving the basic make up remain the same. The ability to incorporate character, morals, and values encourage a person’s ability to enhance the ethical behavior of an individual. This paper will define the ethical system used to best develop a person, discuss the potential effect that can become beneficial to the corporate environment and explain why organizations need ethics within theRead MoreSchool Uniform, Persuasevi Speech1607 Words   |  7 Pageshappy. When they are small only you can influence on their behavior. Parents always want to see their kids healthy, well-bread and happy. After some time, when your heirs grow up enough, they will go to school. As soon as this happens you lose part of your influence on their upbringing. The school grabs this part from you. Students usually spend 1/3 of their day time there. This new society will build up their way of thinking and way of behavior. A lot depends on new friends, teachers, and studying,Read MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On Children1617 Words   |  7 Pages Discipline Styles Parenting styles in the onset of any child’s life is a huge determinate of what their future will turn out to be. Parenting styles are the normative prototypes that parents utilize to socialize and manage their children. Different parents employ different styles of discipline to ensure that their children develop to be all-rounded adults. Children who have been nurtured well by their parents turn up as self-regulated with disciplined behavior. Child discipline is thus a key parentingRead MoreThe Leadership And Administration Of The Brigade1591 Words   |  7 Pagesthe commander to influence thinking and behavior within the ABCT such as promoting those performing well and excommunicating the wrongdoers, role modeling and coaching. In addition, secondary embedded mechanisms shall include the Brigade rites and rituals, stories about historical commanders and relevant events and ideologies of great philosophers. The new Brigade Commander will put in place his compliance-focused i nfluence techniques in order to change behavior within the ABCT. This combination shall

Diploma in Business Management Essay

Question: Write an essay on Diploma in Business Management? Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to understand various problems that can happen while working in a workplace. This report gives the opportunity to identify self-skills and enhance the employability skills that are needed for effective management. 1. Determining Own Performance and Responsibilities 1.1. Own responsibilities and performance objectives Setting own performance objectives and responsibilities is all about developing self-management skills. Self-management is the ability of a person to give the best possible outcome for a particular job. This helps the person to decide own personal demand and capabilities. There are various ways of proving the self-potentials: Working effectively by understanding the roles and also the authority control deserved Focus on minimum risky position and work accordingly Set out and determine appropriate customs to develop personality and this can be internally and externally in comparison with the company. Compare and assess the self-performance (individual) with the other employees in the workplace and the lacking skills and improve to meet the goals. 1.2. Effectiveness evaluation against above mentioned objectives It is very important to measure the defined objectives in a systematic way. This will give the best idea about the strengths and weakness and gives the opportunity to develop own skills. Self-jobs management Prioritize the work and examine against the quality and range of the job. Handover the job at the right time to the right person to determine better performance. Change management Handle the job civilization proposals in a positive way Work place should be changed and acknowledged The changes that are predetermines should be placed into action in advance towards the outcomes of the labor Maintain Safety and security Make proper safety rules and procedures and comply Employees should be supported, reacted and responded to in line Consequences of security and safety issues on the customers should be taken with due care 1.3. Recommendations It is the responsibility of the top management to effectively monitor the activities of the organization. This would help to reduce the employee responsibilities. Even it is the responsibilities of the employees to take own initiatives to take the organization to the better position by focusing on the good service, improving goodwill and also cost reduction. The following are few recommendations for improvement: Implement recognition and reward: Rewards and recognition for the hard work that the employees put in is necessary. This helps to motivate the employees and increase their effort, resulting in higher production. According to the operant conditioning theory, this is known as positive reinforcement. Focus on training and development: It is very important for the organisation to keep their employees upgraded with the changes happening. For instance, the technology is changing rapidly, the organization need to train their employees accordingly. Encourage work-life balance: There always are need of balance between the life and the work. This helps to improve satisfaction level of the employees and increase their productivity. Use open and transparent communication: Open and transparent communication can help to address the needs of the employees and increase belonging in the company. 1.4. Motivational techniques Abraham Maslow says that employees can be motivated by fulfilling 5 different needs in the organization, that are the physical needs, security and safety needs, belonging needs, self-esteem and self-actualization needs. On the other way, the according to McGregor, there are two types of employees- one who is willing to work and take pressure and the other is not willing to work. Based on this he has made two different assumptions- Theory X which states that if the employees dislike work, they must be threatened with punishment, directed controlled and coerced and Theory Y which states that self-control and self-direction can help to meet the objectives. Commitment towards the objectives is mainly associated with the rewards (Schein, 2011). Therefore, there are various ways: Trustworthy Leadership: Trust is an effective motivational tool and those managers or the leaders that are more transparent with their workers will discover amazing results and different types of chances to create ability. Career Advancement: Employees are extremely motivated to accomplish if this implies that progression anticipates them. This obliges workers to be aware of different opportunities that lie beyond, beneath and around what they look for. 2. Development of Transferable And Interpersonal Skills 2.1. Solution to work-based problems Problem solving is a crucial part of any job and association. According to the complex description, the process of analyzing the problem like risk management, quality management is termed as problem solving. There are various ways to solve the work-based problems: Providing proper customer service: In the process of problem resolutions, company should encourage the customers to take part in the process. They should be given chance in participating in the contingency situation, planning and resource allocation process. Proper management style: Individuals who have obligation and control over the work, feel a more committed to ensure that they work proficiently. Staff ought to be given the opportunity to make decisions and to handle issues without continually needing to get permission or agreement from the managers (Itseducation.asia, 2005). 2.2. Communication Style Effective non-verbal and verbal communication is valuable to the organization. Communication is the process of information sharing among two or more people or groups to achieve a common understanding. Effective communication is so vital for the success of organization, as well as their employees must be successful communicators (Sangeetha, 2012). The role of managers is to support the employees to enhance their communication abilities. The performance of the organization increases if all the departments, organization itself and the employees start communicating effectively. There are few tips to maintain effective communication in the organization: Encourage feedback: Recognition and praise can help to motivate the employees and improve their performance. Feedback helps them to recognize their weakness and strengths and give the opportunity to improve. Maintain Transparency: This is a part of employee ownership. Management of the organization should not keep any kind of secrecy with the employees about the organizations operations and business. 2.3. Strategies for time-management Time management in the workplace makes the life much easier. It helps to determine the career success and also helps to balance work and life efficiently. To effectively manage the time figuring out where time is being spent, managing appointments, taking time to plan for the next day, precisely making project plans, and managing e-mails, phones, documentation (Thomack, 2012). Generally, the employers appreciate the workers who can get the maximum work with minimum time. Therefore, the strategies to maintain time effectively are (Walker, Wysocki and Kepner, n.d.): Eliminate Procrastination Setting Goals and priorities Avoid wasting time Reduce negativity and stress Delegate tasks Complete the important and urgent task first 3. Dynamics Of Working 3.1. Role Play and working together Working together includes the ways in which two or more individuals can work cooperatively and positively towards a common objective. There are various roles to play while working in a team like (creative-interventions.org, 2012): Facilitator- The role is to hold the process and ensure that the team members are working on a specific intervention Instigator-the role is to motivate the team to start the process Supporter- the role is to take care of the needs, advocate the members in the team and also ensure that all the information is communicated effectively. Cheerleader- the role is to keep the team positive and energized Vision-Keeper- the role is to remind the team about the objective when there is any conflict or negative motivation For achieving a common goal there is a need of proper effective team work which can be done by following steps below: Be prepared to hold numerous roles Make sure decision making and information sharing is conducted through participation of everybody effectively. Individuals working in a team may need to identify common ground and choose whether they can live with the compromises. Take out some time to meet all together particularly when there is a need of sharing important information 3.2. Team Dynamics Teams hold the organization together. It is the building block. Teams that are high performing convey positive business and operational efficiencies, missed opportunities and avoiding waste. Team dynamics are the psychological and unconscious forces that impact the performance and behavior of the team. Team dynamics can be great when they enhance the overall performance of the team /or get the best out of individual members. They can likewise be bad when they bring about ineffective clash, demotivation, and keep the team away from accomplishing its objectives. Team members are obliged to see obstructions in the employment and cooperate to tackle this. Commitment to the idealistic team dynamic is another prerequisite. It is the most importantly obligation of the members of the team to manage appropriately with due contention. Along with the obligations of different individuals managers should acknowledge individual's affiliation (Williams, 2014). 3.3. Ways to complete task and achieve goals The main objective of a team is to meet the goals. The following are the different ways to achieve (Newman, 2012): Establish achievable goals- Ensure that all the team members are aware of the goals and can achieve them Plan and strategize- Develop a bulletin board and paste the goals to achieve. Discuss the goals with the team and make strategies to achieve. Maintain consistency while achieving the goals. Make action plan- Set deadline, prioritize the tasks and break down the goals. Monitor the progress- review the goals set helps to determine any adjustments if required. 4. Problem Solving Strategies 4.1. Methods and tools There are some tools and methods to solve problems like: Trial and Error- It is method which is described by varied and repeated attempts which are proceeded until get a success, or until the solver stops trying. This is an optional method and users utilize it when other options are not living up to expectations (Mohammad, n.d.). Heuristics- This is a technique based on experience for discovering, learning and solving the problem (Baron, 2000). Algorithm- It is a step-to-step method that works with all the problems and promises a proper solution as an output (Aziz and Prakash, 2010). Insight phenomenology- This is all about sudden comprehension of an issue; it for the most part includes conceptualizing the issue in a different way that is frequently the outcome of former effort and thought (Fischer, 2006). 4.2. Strategy for solving a problem Identifying a proper solution to a problem involves building course of actions that will change the present circumstance into one where the goal has been accomplished. This includes (Itseducation.asia, 2005): Identify the necessary information: The purpose for this stage is to offer structure to the searched thoughts and information significant to the issue. Collect and record the necessary information Represent the collected information: Information significant to the issue now needs to be organized into an important pattern. At this stage there is a need of detailed comprehension of the issue. Choosing effectiveness criteria- This includes aggregating a detailed rundown of the qualities of what needs to be accomplished and of the components which must be considered in accomplishing that goal, i.e. a "perfect" solution Developing Action plan- Finding solutions which meet the effectiveness criteria 4.3. Potential impact on the business of implementing the strategy Strategy alludes to hierarchical procedures including the determination of either objectives or the means to accomplish those objectives. This involves the interaction of numerous components external elements identifying with the industry and the environment, and also internal variables, for example, values and abilities of the organization (Parker, Storey and van Witteloostuijn, 2010). Strategies give the structure for plans by directing working decisions and regularly pre-deciding them. If the strategies are created properly and carefully by managers, they give more reliable system to operational planning. Strategies characterize the area of business both with respect to area and customers served (Kishore, 2012). Strategies concentrate on the effectiveness of the organization by determining the necessary activities that are to be undertaken for accomplishing organizational targets. They make the objectives of the organization specific and clear. Strategies contribute towards effectiveness of the organization by giving satisfaction to the work force. This bring adequacy at the individual level and hence at organization level. Strategies give each of these things in the association through which everything is made perfect (Mukherji and Mukherji, 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that the management of the company need to identify the needs of the employees and make proper strategies to fulfill those needs. This motivates the employees to work hard and increase the productivity. Teamwork plays a vital role in organization. The report also has discussed the different strategies to solve the problems in the workplace. References Aziz, A. and Prakash, A. (2010). Algorithms for interviews. [Austin, Texas]: algorithmsforinterviews.com. Baron, J. (2000). Thinking and deciding. 3rd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. creative-interventions.org, (2012). Creative Interventions Toolkit: A Practical Guide to Stop Interpersonal Violence. [online] Available at: https://www.creative-interventions.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/4.G.CI-Toolkit-Tools-Working-Together-Pre-Release-Version-06.2012.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2015]. Fischer, C. (2006). Qualitative research methods for psychologists. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press. Itseducation.asia, (2005). Finding possible solutions. [online] Available at: https://www.itseducation.asia/solutions.htm [Accessed 16 May 2015]. Itseducation.asia, (2005). Style of management effect on problem solving. [online] Available at: https://www.itseducation.asia/style-of-management.htm [Accessed 16 May 2015]. Kishore, M. (2012). Role of strategy in firms. [online] The Hindu Business Line. Available at: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/newmanager/role-of-strategy-in-firms/article3683037.ece [Accessed 16 May 2015]. Mohammad, T. (n.d.). How to Solve Problems in Your Personal and Business Life. Mukherji, A. and Mukherji, J. (2013). The Roles of Firm Stategy and Intangible Organizational Elements as Determinants of Performance. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), pp.11664-11664. Newman, R. (2012). GOAL SETTING to achieve results. Leadership, 41(3), p.12. Parker, S., Storey, D. and van Witteloostuijn, A. (2010). What happens to gazelles? The importance of dynamic management strategy. Small Bus Econ, 35(2), pp.203-226. Sangeetha, K. (2012). Strategies for effective communication. Language In India, 12(6), p.328. Schein, E. (2011). Douglas McGregor: theoretician, moral philosopher or behaviorist?. Journal of Management History, 17(2), pp.156 - 164. Thomack, B. (2012). Time management for today's workplace demands. Workplace health Safety, 60(5), pp.201-203. Walker, S., Wysocki, A. and Kepner, K. (n.d.). Managing Time in the Workplace. [online] edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Available at: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/HR/HR01400.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2015]. Williams, S. (2014). Group dynamics for teams. Action Learning: Research and Practice, 11(1), pp.109-111.

The Use Of Animals To Portray Foreshadowing free essay sample

In Macbeth Essay, Research Paper Thesis Statement: Throughout the drama of Macbeth, Shakespeare chooses to utilize animate beings to portray prefiguration, to develop character and to arouse a broad assortment of emotions from the audience.A ) Dramatic Purpose # 1 To Characterizeto demo the development of a person/character. helps the audience to understand the true personalities of characters ( non what their portrayed to be to others ) .1. a ) # 8220 ; # 8230 ; Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear, / The arm # 8217 ; vitamin D rhinoceros, or the Hyrcan tiger ; / Take any form but that, and my steadfast nervousnesss / Shall neer tremble # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Act 3, Scene 4, Lines 123-125 ) .Macbeth is talking to Lady Macbeth about Banquo # 8217 ; s shade he says that if any of these ferocious animate beings should come near him, he would neer be scared. Macbeth doesn # 8217 ; t want Banquo to be in any portion of his life, that # 8217 ; s why why he killed him. Now that he # 8217 ; s come back as a sha de ( he # 8217 ; s trembling/scared that Banquo will neer go forth him entirely ) the usage of these ferocious animals compared to Banquo shows that Macbeth may be repenting the slaying of Banquo. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use Of Animals To Portray Foreshadowing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shows he # 8217 ; s non every bit strong as he portrays himself to be, he # 8217 ; s a coward indoors, he can # 8217 ; t face up to what he # 8217 ; s done.b ) # 8220 ; # 8230 ; As sparrows, bird of Joves, or the hare, the lion. # 8221 ; ( Act 1, Scene 2, Line 39 ) .the soldier is talking of Macbeth and Banquo. merely as an bird of Jove easy defeats the sparrow or the king of beasts easy defeats the hare, Macbeth and Banquo defeated their oppositions. this is portraying one as an bird of Jove and the other as a king of beasts. either manner, there was no competition between Macbeth and Banquo and their enemies. Shows the characters of Macbeth and Banquo and how ferocious they truly are. the king of beasts and the bird of Jove are ferocious animate beings, whereas the sparrow and the hare are really weak. They can easy be killed.c ) # 8220 ; I come, Graymalkin. Paddock calls ; # 8211 ; anon. # 8221 ; ( Act 1, Scene 1, Lines 11-12 ) .the enchantresss comrades, devils, are fam iliar liquors who are naming the enchantresss. Graymalkin is a cat and Paddock is a frog. shows the enchantresss are 1s who believe in evil liquors, as most enchantresss are portrayed as. shows they have announcing cognition # 8211 ; evil liquors, cats, they vanish. Shakespeare uses a cat as a spirit, as cats are important to hex a frog portrays their ugliness, as described earlier.B ) Dramatic Purpose # 2 To Create Emotionsto make the audience # 8217 ; s understandings lie where the playwright wants them to lie.makes the audience more involved in what # 8217 ; s go oning, more gratifying if they can # 8216 ; experience # 8217 ; what others do.a ) # 8220 ; What, all my pretty poulets and their dike / At one fell slide? # 8221 ; ( Act 4, Scene 3, Lines 255-226 ) .Macduff has merely found out that his household has been murdered. he asks Malcolm if all his kids and their female parent have died. he uses poulets because they are so vulnerable, incapacitated, flighty and easy fri ghtened. although when he speaks of # 8216 ; dam # 8217 ; he is talking of his married woman, since she is older and more experient so she is non as frightened and scared. However, she was in a incapacitated state of affairs so she is still referred to as # 8216 ; an animate being # 8217 ; because she is the # 8216 ; parent # 8217 ; to the poulets. this is to do the audience feel sorry, about incapacitated towards Macduff # 8217 ; s household. By utilizing poulets, we feel how incapacitated they must hold been and how frightened they truly were.b ) # 8220 ; Throw physic to the Canis familiariss, I # 8217 ; ll none of it. # 8221 ; ( Act 5, Scene 3, Line 55 ) . -Shakespeare is mentioning to throwing medical scientific discipline to the Canis familiariss, he doesn # 8217 ; t want anything to make with medical scientific discipline because the doctor just said that he cannot cure Macbeth, she’s not physically sick, just mentally.he refers to throwing it to the dogs because Shakespeare wants to evoke a sense of frustration from Macbeth over the condition of Lady Macbeth.c) â€Å"They have tied me to a stake; I cannot fly, / But bear-like I must fight the course.† (Act 5, Scene 7, Lines 1-2).this metaphor refers to a popular sport, bear-baiting Macbeth realizes that he is trapped, but feels that if he fights it out, to the end of the ‘course’ he might triumph. in his mind, there is a hope that he will somehow escape because he doesn’t believe that the final prophecy could come true. (That no man born of a women could harm him). although he doubts the last prophecy, there is still the feeling that he is tied to a stake, like a bear, just waiting to be attacked, waiting for t the end of the match. this makes the audience feel for Macbeth because just as anyone hates to see an animal trapped, they feel this for Macbeth. Although it appears that he deserves to die, there is still a sense of remorse.C) Dramatic Purpose #3 Foreshadowgives the audience an insight of upcoming events. adds suspensea) â€Å"I have no spur / To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself / And falls on the other.† (Act 1, Scene 7, Lines 25-28).Macbeth, when talking to Lady Macbeth, says how it’s only ambition that consumes him to become king. Shakespeare uses an over-eager horseback rider as a comparison to Macbeth. To be a rider you have to be confident and ambitious. Macbeth just wants the title as King, he is not very confident though. this shows foreshadowing because like an over-eager rider who jumps over the saddle instead of on it, he will take an advantage of being King and use it to his advantage. this shows the future downfall of Macbeth as King.b) â€Å"A falcon tow’ring in her pride of place, Was by a mousing owl hawk ’d at and kill’d.† (Act 2, Scene 4, Lines 14-15).†And Duncan’s horses †¦ Turn’d wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out, / Contending with obedience †¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Act 2, Scene 4, Lines 16-20).describes the unnatural events that occurred the night of Duncan’s murder. it’s very unnatural for an owl to kill a falcon, and for horses to be cannibalistic. this not only echoes the tragedy of Duncan’s unnatural death, but also foreshadows the downfall of the Macbeths. Macbeth arranged for his own kingship by the death of Duncan. Just as he’s not meant to be the proper King of Scotland, these events are not proper in nature, therefore his downfall is imminent. When Macbeth’s rule has ended, all in nature will return to normal.c) â€Å"The most diminutive of birds, will fight, / Her young ones in her nest, against the owl.†(Act 4, Scene 2, Lines 12-13).this foreshadows Lady Macduff and her children. she speaks of how even the small or weak birds will fight against any predator to protect her young ones. Lady Macduff is being compared to as a small, helpless bird because since Macduff is gone, she doesn’t really have any protection. she will guard as best she can to prevent harm towards her children. here she foreshadows her own death as well as her children’s, saying that she will do her best to keep her children away from any harsh or fatal events that may come their way. however, her and her children are being portrayed as small, defenseless animals, therefore shows that they do not stand a chance when up against any form of enemy.

Endothermic and Exothermic Chemical Reactions

Endothermic and Exothermic Chemical Reactions Many chemical reactions release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound. These are exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions may occur spontaneously and result in higher randomness or entropy (ΔS 0ï » ¿) of the system. They are denoted by a negative heat flow (heat is lost to the surroundings) and decrease in enthalpy (ΔH 0). In the lab, exothermic reactions produce heat or may even be explosive. There are other chemical reactions that must absorb energy in order to proceed. These are endothermic reactions. Endothermic reactions cannot occur spontaneously. Work must be done in order to get these reactions to occur. When endothermic reactions absorb energy, a temperature drop is measured during the reaction. Endothermic reactions are characterized by positive heat flow (into the reaction) and an increase in enthalpy (ΔH). Examples of Endothermic and Exothermic Processes Photosynthesis is an example of an endothermic chemical reaction. In this process, plants use the energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This reaction requires 15MJ of energy (sunlight) for every kilogram of glucose that is produced: sunlight 6CO2(g) H2O(l) C6H12O6(aq) 6O2(g) Other examples of endothermic processes include: Dissolving ammonium chloride in waterCracking alkanesNucleosynthesis of elements heavier than nickel in starsEvaporating liquid waterMelting ice An example of an exothermic reaction is the mixture of sodium and chlorine to yield table salt. This reaction produces 411 kJ of energy for each mole of salt that is produced: Na(s) 0.5Cl2(s) NaCl(s) Other examples of exothermic processes include: The thermite reactionA neutralization reaction (e.g., mixing an acid and a base to form a salt and water)Most polymerization reactionsCombustion of a fuelRespirationNuclear fissionCorrosion of metal (an oxidation reaction)Dissolving an acid in water Demonstrations You Can Perform Many exothermic and endothermic reactions involve toxic chemicals, extreme heat or cold, or messy disposal methods. An example of a quick exothermic reaction is dissolving powdered laundry detergent in your hand with a bit of water. An example of an easy endothermic reaction is dissolving potassium chloride (sold as a salt substitute) in your hand with water. These endothermic and exothermic demonstrations are safe and easy: Exciting Exothermic Reactions to Try: Heat things up with one of these simple exothermic reaction demonstrations.Create an Endothermic Reaction: Some endothermic reactions get cold enough to cause frostbite. Heres an example of a reaction safe enough for kids to touch.How to Create an Exothermic Chemical Reaction: Some exothermic reactions produce flames and get extremely hot (like the thermite reaction). Here is a safe exothermic reaction that produces heat but wont start fires or cause a burn.Make Hot Ice From Vinegar and Baking Soda: Sodium acetate or hot ice can be used as either an endothermic or exothermic reaction, depending on whether you are crystallizing or melting the solid. Endothermic vs Exothermic Comparison Heres a quick summary of the differences between endothermic and exothermic reactions: Endothermic Exothermic heat is absorbed (feels cold) heat is released (feels warm) energy must be added for reaction to occur reaction occurs spontaneously disorder decreases (ΔS 0) entropy increases (ΔS 0) increase in enthalpy (+ΔH) decrease in enthalpy (-ΔH) Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions Endothermic and exothermic reactions refer to the absorption or release of heat. There are other types of energy which may be produced or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Examples include light and sound. In general, reactions involving energy may be classified as endergonic or exergonic, An endothermic reaction is an example of an endergonic reaction. An exothermic reaction is an example of an exergonic reaction. Key Facts Endothermic and exothermic reactions are chemical reactions that absorb and release heat, respectively.A good example of an endothermic reaction is photosynthesis. Combustion is an example of an exothermic reaction.The categorization of a reaction as endo- or exothermic depends on the net heat transfer. In any given reaction, heat is both absorbed and released. For example, energy must be input into a combustion reaction to start it (lighting a fire with a match), but then more heat is released than was required. Resources and Further Reading Qian, Y.†Z., et al. â€Å"Diverse Supernova Sources for the r†Process.† The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 494, no. 1, 10 Feb. 1998, pp. 285-296, doi:10.1086/305198.Yin, Xi, et al. â€Å"Self-Heating Approach to the Fast Production of Uniform Metal Nanostructures.† Chemistry of Nanomaterials for Energy, Biology and More, vol. 2, no. 1, 26 Aug. 2015, pp. 37-41, doi:10.1002/cnma.201500123.

Statement of purpose Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statement of purpose Master - Essay Example I am the type that likes to take challenges, that is why I like puzzles. I do not easily give up until I am able to unravel them. I am more on the serious side than the one that prefers to relax. However, I enjoy travelling to places and seeing things that are exotic, which is why travel is very important to me. This is an activity that has given me much pleasure as well as lessons I could hardly get from other sources. My principal research interests lie in the field of consumer behaviour and relationship marketing. I am particularly interested in consumer switching behaviour. If given the chance to be admitted to the Ph.D. program on Marketing, I shall focus on tourism and the travel sector. I project my career goal at the direction of tourism marketing for my country. Taiwan has a promising future in marketing that could be realized if its citizens, especially the professionals, bond together and focus on strategic areas. Tourism marketing could be one of these that can give a boast to the national economy at the same time help other countries in terms of professionalized services. The United Kingdom is a fair country to learn these things, given the resources of this country and the mix of its students and professors. Given the time and chance to continue studying, I have done researches whether alone or with my major professor which findings I could still exploit.

Pere Goriot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pere Goriot - Essay Example This novel shows how difficult it can be to maintain a loving relationship in the modern world. Through the character of Eugà ¨ne de Rastignac, it is possible to see that while love is achieved at points in this novel, it is no longer the traditional version of love. It is a new, modern version where certain faults and attitudes must be ignored in order to make things work. One such example of a character who cannot truly love another is Eugà ¨ne de Rastignac, who does not have any interest in the women he pursues, but it rather more interested in improving his position in society. This is shown by the fact that he abruptly halts his pursuit of Madame de Restaud and begins his pursuit of Madame de Nucingen simply because of who the latter’s father is. As the novel progresses, Rastignac does develop true feelings for Delphine. This, however, blinds him to her true character, as she is only involved with him for selfish intentions. He deceives himself into believing that she is not as bad as she seems, but it is clear that she is only involved with him for her own interests and, therefore, does not truly love him. While this relationship does eventually become sincere, it only becomes so because of Rastignac’s decision to ignore all of Delphine’s faults and to love her anyways. This makes the relationship seem somewhat forced, as Ra stignac has to make a decision to love this selfish person, rather than simply looking out for his own good. This could be viewed as a modern form of love, implying that the old love where people are perfect for one another no longer exists. Another character that is affected by Rastignac is Victorine. She is a young girl who falls for the first attractive man who shows interest in her, which is not true love, but is rather based on inexperience. Rastignac does not truly love her, but he leads her on in order to possibly marry her for her father’s money.

Competitive Intelligence Essay Example for Free

Competitive Intelligence Essay Introduction Competitive intelligence (CI) refers to a tool used for marketing used by business organizations to study the competing surrounding. The process incorporates a determined information gathering based on the operations and other factors considering the competitor that enables proper decision-making of the organization management. Gower. Moloi and Iyamu, (2013) indicates that CI is significant in making marketing-related decisions and the development of market–oriented companies. Different companies use different methods to gather competitive intelligence. Companies study an array of industry specific and general publications to provide information of the current competitive intelligence. However, the most mentioned source of industry information are monographs. Monographs refer to the grey literature that may not be disseminated through conventional publishing channels. These include academic theses, business schools, technical reports, scholarly papers, case studies, and private and public sector documents. Sometimes the monographs are published that provides the most cost-effective and comprehensive source of CI information. Industry monographs are instrumental in providing information of the industry secular progress and historical background. Profits analysis can be obtained through long-term perspective that is compost of a richer experience variety as opposed to when only recent developments are considered. However, the major downfall is that the company conference proceedings and monographs date speedily. Internet searches, and the British Library form the major sources of grey literature. According to Murphy (2005,) the press reports and features provide the source of current and retrospective understanding of the competitor. The journals such as Financial Times sectoral surveys enable a company to obtain an excellent overview of the competitor of various business lines. Likewise, it outlines the individual players’ profile and the most pressing current issues affecting the competitor. Numerous trade journals provide annual surveys of the major trends and events in their specific business line. Furthermore, Murphy (2005) writes that the regulatory authorities also provide a great quality of information may be availed at a modest cost. The studies and reports provided by the Competition Commission have plenty of significant data and analysis that provides an excellent model on the procedures of undertaking the studies of the competing industry. The public watchdogs charged with the roles of overseeing the public sector forms excellent targets of CI information. Company circulars that they have to send to their shareholders under specific conditions are also significant sources of CI. For example, material acquisition and classified information on the listing rules provides information on the size of the company. Circulars contain FSA that may require the researcher to visit the company headquarters to obtain the corporate documents. Furthermore, Murphy (2005) indicates that shareholder data that has special rules that apply to the reporting of the changes within the entire PLCs. The Companies’ Act provides that PLCs are always documented in the company annual reports. This information provides the holdings of 3 percent of the total voting share capital of the firm. The information provided in such notifications that are subjected to public scrutiny provides CI information. Murphy further writes that company patents provide mechanisms of obtaining competitive advantage and the trademarks that provides the insights that describe the company enrichments. However, some companies believe that human resource intelligence. Company investigators may use direct contact with company human resource intelligence through identifying the subjects and planning of interviews. Human resource provides updated information on the company; however, it may be difficult to secure the potential individual to approach for such CI information. A typical example of CI mentions the stock traders who analyze the data based on the price movements and prices to determine the best investments. They possess similar data to other traders, yet data analysis provides their difference with others. Moreover, Japanese automobile industry that analysed the U.S automobiles of in the 1970s based on the products and the demands of the customer (Wagner Van 2011). The smaller families and high gasoline prices created a demand in the U.S for fuel efficient and smaller cars. Therefore, the Japanese automobiles applied CI methods to establish a trend and further made the decisions on manufacturing based on the results of CI information. The produced cars defeated the U.S Big Three in the market due to fuel-efficiency and high-quality cars. Despite the entire pool of information sources, the internet and human resource intelligence may be the most effective sources of information in terms of accuracy, ethics and cost-effectiveness. The company websites provide an array of information that can be easily assessed compared to published documents. The website provides comprehensive information on the new developments, business practices, and detailed information on strategies and tactics established by the company. Likewise, as Wagner and Van (2011) establishes, the internet can provide detailed information based on the vision, CEO statements, goals and objectives, and the overall management of the firm. The commitment of the firm to quality, consumer problems, investments and plants, structure are also provided in the web pages of the company. Likewise, human resource can be maintained for a long period once the first interview is secured. Although it is a subject of ethics, human resource intelligence will provide the most updated information on the company plans. References Gower. Moloi, R., Iyamu, T. (April 01, 2013). Understanding the Deployment of Competitive Intelligence Through Moments of Translation. International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering (ijitwe), 8, 2, 33-45. Murphy, C. (2005). Competitive intelligence: Gathering, analysing and putting it to work. Aldershot, England: Wagner, L., Van, B. J.-P. (January 01, 2011). Web Mining for Strategic Competitive Intelligence.

The Crazy Lady in The Yellow Wallpaper :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Yellow Wallpaper does nothing but confuse me.   It seems to be about a high strung, mentally ill woman who is obsessed with rotting wallpaper.   This yellow wallpaper obsesses her so much that she begins to distrust everyone, even her husband.   She is terrified that someone will take her wallpaper or find out more about it than she knows.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One point I found interesting is that she sees a woman behind bars trying to get out in the pattern of the wallpaper.   This might be the only thing in this story that made sense to me.   The pattern with the woman seems to be related to the way she is being treated by her husband, John.   John is very protective of her wife because she is in all reality a very sick woman.   She feels trapped because of this and the way she sees the paper must be an indication.   She stays up late at night and hours on end during the day to stare at worthless, tattered, yellow wallpaper.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This story really bored me to death.   All I could think of was, "when is this story going to be over?"   I remember having a highly active imagination as a child but this is ridiculous. She sees mushrooms sprouting and women shaking bars and she's a middle aged woman.   The last time I ever saw anything close to that was when I was 10 years old and I saw G.I.Joe's crawling up and down my walls at night.   I don't understand this woman behavior nor have I ever experienced anyone in real life who acted this way.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John's wife is not an abused woman.   She is actually well taken care of and

Caring Theory

Swanson’s Middle Range Nursing Theory of Caring By: Shari Semelroth RN, BSN Mennonite College of Nursing Abstract Do we honestly make an effort to improve the environment, care, medical treatment, and interactions with those patients who are suffering a loss? Do we adequately provide the care that they need? These questions are answered in Swanson’s Middle Range Theory of Caring. We examine the five caring processes and their applications to one’s daily nursing routines. Many healthcare organizations have adopted the caring theory as their model of care for their philosophy and principles for nursing.Caring theory has also been the focus of many research articles that have concluded that caring is a natural part of nursing and it is based on evidence. All healthcare professionals should be able to achieve the concepts into their daily nursing profession. We care for patients, and what we are currently doing we can always switch to improve for more positive intera ctions. What is caring and why is it essential to nursing? What are the perceptions of caregivers, care receivers, and care observers regarding caring? A nurturing way of relating to a valued other person toward whom one has a personal sense of commitment and responsibility.Nursing has traditionally been concerned not only with the caring needs of individuals, but also with caring as a value or principle for nursing action. (Swanson, 1991) The underlying structure of the nursing philosophical system or grand theory of nursing as caring is created by the assumptions of the theory and their interrelationships. (Boykin & Schoenhofer, 2001) These assumptions develop the most fundamental belief that all persons are caring by virtue of their humanness, that to be human is to be caring.A deep understanding of the practical meaning of that foundational assumptions also organize the theory that personhood is living grounded in caring; that caring is lived moment to moment in relationships wi th caring others, and that nursing as a discipline and profession of caring is orientated not towards diagnosing needs nor compensating for deficiencies, but as its focus, nurturing persons living caring and growing in caring. (Boykin, 2003) Swanson suggests that a universal definition or conceptualization of caring does not exist within and outside of nursing as to the role of caring in personal and professional relationships. Swanson, 1991) Kristen Swanson is a native of Rhode Island, graduated with a bachelor’s degree in nursing from the University of Rhode Island in 1975. She went on to earn her master’s degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1978 and PhD in nursing from the University of Colorado. Swanson worked as a Registered Nurse at the University of Massachusetts, as she was drawn to that institution because the founding nursing administration clearly articulated a vision for professional nursing practice and actively worked with nurses to apply these ideas while working with clients. Swanson, 1993) As a novice nurse she wanted to become a knowledgeable and technically skillful practitioner with an ultimate goal of teaching these skills to others. She pursued graduate studies. While studying she worked as a clinical instructor on a med surgical unit. Swanson studied psychosocial nursing with an emphasis on exploring the concepts of loss, stress, coping, interpersonal relationships, persons, environment and caring. As a doctoral student, she was able to experience hands on health promotion activity.She was involved in a cesarean birth support group. One historical meeting for her was on miscarriage. Swanson noticed that the discussion was based by the physician more on the pathophysiology and health problems of miscarriage. The women of the group were interested in discussing their personal experiences with pregnancy loss. (Alligood & Tomey, 2010) From that day forth she decided to learn more about the human experience. Caring and miscarriage became the focus of her doctoral dissertation and her program of research.She has since then received numerous awards, has taught fellow nursing students, became the Dean at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Associate Chief Nursing Officer for Academic Affairs at UNC Hospitals. In addition to teaching and administrative responsibilities, she conducts research funded by National Institutes of Nursing Research, publishes, mentors faculty and students and serves as a consultant at national and international levels. Swanson was inducted as a fellow in the American Academy of Nursing and received Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Rhode Island.Swanson used various theoretical sources while developing her theory. During her doctoral studies, she was influenced by other nurses and their theories related to caring. She took Dr. Jacqueline Fawcett’s course on the conceptual basis of nursing practice as a master’s prepared nurse, not only made her better at understanding the differences between the goals of nursing and other health disciplines, but also made her realize that caring for others as they go through life transitions of health, illness, healing, and dying was congruent with her personal values. (Swanson 1991)Dr.Fawcett developed the Language of Nursing and Metatheory; she displayed a distinctive role in caring for others and the importance of altruistic caring for the person’s well-being. (Fawcett, 1989) Dr. Jean Watson was also a mentor during her doctoral studies. Dr. Watson is known for her Theory of Human Caring. Even with the close relationship, they had, neither has ever seen Swanson’s program of research as an application of Watson’s theory of human caring. They do agree that compatibility of finding on caring in their individual programs add creditability to their individual programs of research.Swanson acknowledges Dr. Kathryn E. Barnard for encouraging her to make the t ransaction from interpretive to contemporary empiricist paradigm to convey what she learned and postulated about caring through several phenomenological investigations to direct intervention research and hopefully clinical practice with women who had miscarriages. (Alligood &Tomey, 2010) Dr. Barnard is recognized for her Parent Child Interaction Model. She encouraged Swanson to test her theory through randomized controlled trials.Swanson’s theory of caring is a nursing set of processes that are formed from the nurse’s own principles and his or her interaction with the patient, with five fundamental processes of knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintain belief. Her theory was formed from three descriptive phenomenological studies from perinatal nursing. The five processes that help explain the concept of this theory has subcategories. The theory has four phenomena of concern: nursing, person, health and environment. Theory concepts of nursing are informed c aring for the well-being of others. Beatty, 1984) Person in theory concept is unique beings who are becoming and whose wholeness is manifested in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Health in theory is related to having meaning filled experience with wholeness. Environment is any situation that is influenced by the client or influences the client. Knowing is the first process of caring. Knowing is striving to understand the meaning of the event in the life of the other, avoiding assumptions, focusing on the person cared for, seeking clues, assessing thoroughly, and engaging both the one caring and the one cared for in the process of knowing. Swanson 1991) The second caring concept, being with emotionally present to the other. It involves simply â€Å"being there†, conveying ongoing availability and sharing feelings whether joyful or painful. Monitor so that the one caring does not ultimately burden the one cared for. The third concept is doing for others what would do for the self at all possible, including anticipating needs comforting, performing skillfully and unconditionally, and protecting the one cared for while preserving his or her dignity (Swanson, 1993) Enabling is the fourth concept.It is facilitating the others passage through life transitions and unfamiliar events by focusing on the event, informing, exploring, supporting, validating feelings, generating alternatives, thinking through, and giving feedback (Swanson, 1991) The final concept is maintaining belief. Sustaining faith in the others capacity to get through an event or transition and face a future with meaning, believing in others capacity and holding him or her in high esteem, maintaining a hope filled attitude, offering realistic optimism, helping to find meaning and standing by the one cared for no matter what the situation is. Swanson, 1993) Her later work introduced â€Å"Informed Caring†, aimed to provide structure for relating the five caring processes and describes ass umptions about the four main phenomena of concern to nursing. (Swanson, 1998) An assumption of nursing is informed caring for the well-being of others. Providers must be informed and regarding common responses to health concerns. The nurse will increase care given based on her experiences. Included is evidenced based practices, compassion, understanding of other structure of caring, and understanding of the nursing profession.Along with this assumption, the nurse may be affected by Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory. Persons are defined as unique beings who are in the midst of becoming and whose wholeness is made manifest in thoughts, feelings and behaviors. (Benner, 1984) Each individual experiences are molded by environment. Spiritual endowment connects each being to an external and universal source of goodness, mystery, life creativity, serenity and free will to choose a range of possibilities. Each person does have equal choices.Nurses are mandated to take on leadership rol es in fighting for human rights, equal access to health care and other humanitarian causes. (Hanson, 2004) Health and well-being is a complex process of curing and healing that includes â€Å"releasing inner pain, establishing new meaning, restoring integration, and emerging into a sense of renewed wholeness†. (Swanson, 1993) Bonds are created, free expression of spirituality, thoughts, feelings, intelligence and creativity. The well-being of health is negatively affected by actions of individuals upon the other that inhibit expression of wholeness.Environment is situational. Any context that influences or is influenced by the designated client informed. (Swanson, 1993) Any forces that exert influence upon or are influenced by the patient. (Hanson, 2004) Forces could come from cultural, economic, political, spiritual, social, physiological realms. Any disturbance or change in the environment or realms will affect the wholeness of the other. According to Swanson (1993), the te rms environment and person in nursing may be viewed interchangeable, therefore, what is considered an environment in one situation may be considered a client in another situation.Internal evaluation of the theory consists of clarity, adequacy, consistency logical development, and level of theory development. Clarity of the caring theory is straight forward and easy to interpret. Swanson’s definition of the environments clearly describes her thought process of how the environment and patient are interchangeable. Adequacy adequately addresses each process with thorough descriptions that bring the theory together as a whole. It recognizes nursing values and missions and uses prior theories and research as the basis for its formation.It is clear descriptions of its process allow it to be easily applied to practice. Consistency within the theory focus, definition and interpretation of relationships remain consistent throughout the description of the theory. Logical development is described as the formation of caring as an interaction process. It acknowledges the processes that affect each level of the interpersonal relationship between client and environment. Swanson included previous research and knowledge of caring, but later individualized her theory with empirical evidence that her processes can be used to form a healing environment.Level of theory development is displayed of components of a middle range theory including empirical testing applicable to direct practice, based on a specific phenomenon and narrower in scope because it focusses on the five processes of caring and their interaction, rather that focus on both the medical and psychosocial aspects of nursing. (Peterson & Bredow, 2009) External evaluation of the Theory of Caring include, complexity, discrimination, reality convergence, pragmatic, scope, significance, and utility. Complexity is easily understood with the simple definitions of the four concepts and five processes.Discrimination is not unique to the nursing field. There are many other theories based on caring. The theory does not have a precise boundary as it can be applied to many situations of nursing as well as outside the nursing practice itself. Reality convergences represent the real worlds of nursing and are true. The concepts and processes are described thoroughly enough to be understood by any professional. This allows the theory to be applied to a broad spectrum of human interaction meant to be caring. Pragmatic can be operationalized in real life setting which is seen in Swanson’s empirical testing.Scope is met by Swanson of a middle range theory by having the processes narrowly described for individual situations however it is broad enough to be applied to caring interactions that range from nursing to other professions. The components can be testes but remain concrete to be repeatedly applied to different practice setting. Significance of the caring theory is truly substantial to the nursin g profession. It has recognized and organized key values of caring that will help to provide improved client to nurse interactions.The theory clearly describes the importance of recognizing the situational environment, and the influence of a nurse’s interactions on the health and potential outcome of a patient. Utility is a clear with definition and descriptions and has allowed Swanson to continue to have her theory tested for further research. Each process stands on its own, but some also help to build and define the others. Knowing, being with, doing for, and enabling work together to have the path filled with meaning will be chosen and thereby meet the goal of maintaining belief. Limitation in theory was to show relationship between five processes.She recognized the limitations and worked to link all five processes in to Nursing in Informed Caring for well-being of others. Swanson’s theory is congruent with Benner’s theory of Helping Role of Nursing and Watso n’s Carative Factors. There is cross validation and rationale for perception. The University of North Carolina hospital has operationalized Swanson’s Caring theory. Swanson’s Theory has led to research based practicing. The initial investigation that launched this program of clinical research was a phenomenological pilot study of five women who had miscarried within fourteen weeks of participating in the study.The research questions were: â€Å"What is the meaning of miscarriage to the woman who has recently experienced it? † Another study was a phenomenological study of twenty women who had miscarried two specific aims were (a) to describe the human experience of miscarriage and (b) to describe the meaning of caring as perceived by women who had miscarried. This research study shifted the program of research from a qualitative, interpretative approach to a descriptive quantitative design. Kyle, 1995) Swanson was able to develop instruments to assist in t he measuring of her results. The Impact Miscarriage Scale was delivered from her research. (Swanson, 1999) The scale was developed in three phases, it was repeated, measures, and randomized. This scale measures significant aspects of suffering from a miscarriage. She developed an Emotional Strength Scale that measures the extent of how individuals view themselves emotionally and the Caring Other Scale which measures the received after miscarriage from one’s significant other and â€Å"others†.The Caring theory postulates that nurses demonstrating they care about it is as crucial to patient well-being for them through clinical activities such as preventing infection and administration medications. ( Bulfin, 2005) ) Implemented the Carolina Care Model is one approach to actualizing caring theory across a healthcare organization by systematically incorporating interventions that link nursing actions, caring processes, and expectations. The professional practice model for the University of North Carolina hospital completed in 2008 grounded in caring theory.A model was developed into specific caring behaviors and incorporated them in practice. Four key behavioral characteristics of Carolina Care were developed 🙠 1) multilevel rounding, (2) words and ways that work, (3) relationship service components, (4) partnerships with support services. Hourly rounds combine elements of the caring process of being with and doing for. Scripts may have an adverse reaction, so words and ways that work. Suggests key points to include in interaction that frequently occur that are individualized conversations.These words are linked to enabling. These may be linked to the other caring process, such as being with. A moment of caring is asked to be done with each patient for 3-5 minutes to talk about how they are coping with their illness while touching the patient's hand or arm. Moments like this exemplify being with, and information the patient shares may contrib ute to knowing. These links between caring processes and caring behavior suggested are grounded in a culture of maintaining belief. There are many healthcare organizations that use Swanson’s theory as their care model.Norton Healthcare, University of North Carolina, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Hudson Valley Sinai Hospital in Michigan and Meritus Healthcare in Maryland are a few that has adopted this theory into practice. A theory is an explanation and it is said that nothing is as practical as a good theory. Yet there is a persistent gap between nursing theory and practice. Theory guided practice remains and ideal versus a realized goal in most organizations. Swanson’s caring theory may be a notable exception in accelerating progress toward this goal.Caring theory postulates that nurses demonstrating they care about patients is as important to patient’s well-being as caring for them through clinical activities such as p reventing infection and administrating medication. By incorporating interventions that link nursing actions, caring process and expectations is an approach to actualizing caring theory. All areas of nursing should be able to incorporate the theory of caring into their daily routine with no barriers of resistance. My practice is initiated usually as an inpatient status.Our providers are called to consult any neurological concern that the admitting physician would like evaluated. We see pediatric patients and their families in the emergency room, NICU, PICU, and general pediatric floor. Some of the patients are new to their current health crisis and some are established patients of our service already. Knowing as defined in Swanson’s theory of caring could be implemented during our first initial visit that we center on the patient. We offer a realistic optimism that we will devote our services to properly diagnosing the patient.Taking a detailed history and searching for clues to why this admission came about and to determine the next step in helping the patient. Staying with the patient during this complicated and stressful initial consult can be related to Swanson’s being with. Nurses can take the time with our patients and explain in depth the diagnosis and testing that may need to be ordered. Many times we will spend hours with our teenage patients explaining the electroencephalogram. This age of patients can be scared of any testing and need to be told the truth on what is going to take place.Working in a children’s hospital it is a blessing that we have access to child life. These professionals are specifically trained in child development and can help with the education process with our children. We ask for their assistance to educate our patients. Many of times they have pictures or videos to show that can explain in a way a child or teenager may understand, visual and audio sometimes works in our modern technology generation. We enc ourage questions and let the patient and their families understand there is no burden on asking questions.Asking questions is the way our patients learn, and we want them to be educated so they are not scared. With our population, the more the patient knows, the easier the testing usually goes. Doing is applied to all our patients. When we have a seizure patient we have an abundance of education. Seizure patients need to be explained the many safety precautions. When they are being discharged from the hospital we are enabling setting up and scheduling follow up appointments at our clinic. Maintaining belief occurs as we are reassuring that if they are in need of anything before they come in to our clinic to please call and we can try to help.Many schools require a seizure action plan before students can come back in to class. This is why we try to stay in communication with the patients and their families before their follow up as many times they are scheduled out four months from d ischarge. Our patients are transferred to adult when they reach 18 years of age, and we hear too often that the adult world is not as caring as we were in pediatrics. I do believe that our services are being seen as a caring process. How can we enhance the theory of caring? Can the theory help us with research in the future?I believe that the theory of caring can be beneficial in care models, research and evidenced based practice. According to Johnson and Webber (2005), a model should capture central themes and theoretical relations in such a way to help guide nurses in their practice. Boykin, Smith, and Aleman (2003) believed that a model would help create a work environment for nurses that support their commitment to nurture and caring. This model would display the important values that nurses have stated to be critical in the practice of nursing. Caring is the foundation of nursing and defines the nurse’s professional identity. Boykin ; Schoenhofer, 2001) A caring-based nu rsing model, identified that care is an essential value for nurses and that being able to incorporate this value into their practice increases satisfaction of the nurse and the patient. A study by Bulfin (2005), using the care concepts developed by Boykin and Schoenhofer generated a model of care to patients in a large community hospital. In the Bulfin (2005) study, the researcher asked if a visual model would enhance and support caring in nursing practices and, thus, improve the job satisfaction of the nurse and impact the level of patient satisfaction.Following the implementation of the caring model, patient satisfaction increased and more positive comments were received from the patients and families (Bulfin, 2005). The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF) issued domains and competencies for every NP graduate that included emphasis on the nurse-patient relationship, use of healing modalities, respect of the worth and dignity of the patient, and incorporat ion of spiritual beliefs into the plan. These competencies describe the core abilities of NP graduates.NONPF states that these competencies are a â€Å"gold standard† to maintain and shape quality graduate NP programs. NONPF's emphasis on caring qualities in the NP-patient relationship is further evidence that NPs do not practice from a medical perspective but, rather, as facilitators of holism and health with their patients. Theory of caring can be used to better understand how to relate to our patients. Each process slows for a nurse to formulate an intervention to better care for a patient. This is a theory for the future.Caring defines nursing and is moving to be an evidence-based profession. Swanson’s five caring process are first grounded in the maintenance of a belief in human kind, anchored by knowing another’s reality, conveyed by being with and enacted through doing for and enabling. When time is taken to observe and interpret nurses' actions, it becom es clear that nursing practice is the result of blended understandings of the empirical, aesthetic, ethical and intuitive aspects of a given clinical situation and a nexus of maintaining belief in, knowing, being with, doing for and enabling the other. Nursing caring†¦consists of subtle, yet powerful, practices which are often virtually undisclosed to the casual observer, but are essential to the well-being of its recipient†. (Swanson, 1993, p. 357) Swanson gives nurses a platform to base our caring foundation on. As nurse’s gain experiences we build small levels on the foundation. Like building a house, we all start with the basics of the foundation that we learn in nursing school. It is up to us what we do with that foundation.Every nurse in any clinical setting can use the theory of caring daily. They may not know the five caring process by name, but they are used in every situation, with every patient, by every nurse. References Alligood. M. R. , ; Tomey, A. M. (2010). Nursing theorists and their work. (7th Ed. ). St. Louis: Mosby. Beatty KD. Reflection on caring for a home care client using Kristen M. Swanson’s theory of caring. Int J Hum Caring 2004; 8: 61–64 Benner, P. (1984). From novice to expert. Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley.Boykin, A. , ; Schoenhofer, S. (2001). Nursing as caring. Sudbury, MA: Jones ; Bartlett. Boykin, A. , Smith, N. , St. Jean, J. , ; Aleman, D. (2003). Transforming practice using a caring-based nursing model. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 27, 223-231. Bulfin, S. (2005). Nursing as caring theory: Living caring in practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18, 313-319. Fawcett, J. (1989). Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing, 2nd Edn. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia, PA. Hanson MD.Using data from critical care nurses to validate Swanson’s phenomenological derived middle range caring theory. J Theory Construction Testing 2004; 8: 21–25 Kyle, T. (1995). The concept of caring: A re view of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 506-514. Kavanaugh K, Moro TT, Savage T, Mehendale R. Enacting a theory of caring to recruit and retain vulnerable participants for sensitive research. Res Nurs Health 2006; 29: 244–52. Nightingale, F. (1859). Notes on nursing: What it is and what it is not.London: Harrison and Sons. Peterson, S. J. , ; Bredow, T. S. (2009). Middle Range of Theories: Application to Nursing Research (3rd ed. ). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams ; Wilkins. Schoenhofer, S. , ; Boykin, A. (1998a). The value of caring experienced in nursing. International Journal for Human Caring, 2(4), 9-15. Swanson, K. (1998). Caring made visible. Creative Nursing, 4(4), 8-12. Swanson K. What’s known about caring in nursing: a literary meta-analysis. In: Hinshaw AS, Feetham S, Shavers J, eds. f Clinical Nursing Research; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1999:31-58. Swanson, K. M. (1991). Empirical development of a middle range theory of caring. Nurse Researcher, 40(3), 161-16 Swanson, K. M. (1993). Nursing as informed caring for the wellbeing of others. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 25, 352-357 Watson J. Caring theory as ethical guide to administrative and clinical practices. Nurse Adm Q. 2005; 30(1):48-55. Watson, J. (1988). New dimensions of human caring theory. Nursing Science Quarterly, 1(4), 175-181.